Levallois technique Around 325,000 years ago, stoneworkers started using a tool-making technique, now known as Levallois. A person could carry many arrows on a hunt and bring down prey at long range. Such weapons were more efficient than spears.
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Small stone arrowheads found in South Africa show that humans had learned how to make bows and arrows by 71,000 bce. Tools made in this way are described as “Oldowan.” The toolmakers used one stone to strike small flakes off another stone, creating a sharp cutting edge. The oldest, from Lake Turkana in Kenya, date back 3.3 million years. The first objects known to have been purpose-made by our ancestors were stone tools. With fire, people could cook and eat a wider range of foods. The earliest traces of domestic fire are hearths at the site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov in Israel, dating from 790,000 bce. Human ancestors may have known how to make and control fire as far back as 1.5 million years ago. The oldest-known wooden spears were found at Schöningen, Germany. By about 200,000 bce, stone points were added to the spears, making them more effective. These tools had sharpened ends and could be thrust or thrown, which meant prey could be targeted from greater distances. The earliest musical instruments found are flutes more than 40,000 years old, made out of bird bones and mammoth ivory.Īround this date, early hunters began to use wooden sticks as spears. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 ce, however, much scientific knowledge was lost for centuries. The Babylonians made advances in astronomy, the Greeks developed medicine and mathematics, and the Romans led the way in engineering. Once people became settled, the pace of change quickened. Where the exact date of an event is not known, the letter “c” is used.
These are short for “Before the Common Era” and “Common Era.” The Common Era began with the birth of Christ.
Some dates may be followed by the letters “mya,” short for “Million Years Ago.” Other dates have bce or ce after them. Traveling through time The earliest events in this book took place a very long time ago.
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